Cyber Software Inc. s Case - 916 Words

Introduction Cyber Software Inc.’s client, the Baltimore City Government, website was hacked. Several credit card numbers and other information were accessed and stolen from the Baltimore City Government servers. Since, the cyber Software company responded very quickly only 275 people were affected by the hacking. However, the hacking of the City Governments servers has led to Mr. Jackson wanting to create better software that will prevent any future hackings and will improve the cleanup procedures once a company’s Software has been compromised. The company’s current structure contains little to no chain of command and the programmers can’t seem to agree on which course of action to take in order to implement changes. There needs to be a separation of the divisions within the company to ensure that the resources are being used appropriately. Several programmers are working on similar projects and the resources aren’t being distributed appropriately. In order to ensure the new programs are implemented in a timely and cost effective manners a new company structure and organization needs to be created. Management A new mission and vision statement is now needed for the company which will align with what Joseph Jackson envisions for his company. A mission and vision statement asks â€Å"What do we do and where do we aim to be?† (Diffen, n.d.). A clear and strong mission and vision statement the organization will better understand their purpose and major objectives inShow MoreRelatedOnline Banking And Shopping Portal1084 Words   |  5 Pageshave been such cases of cyber stealing. Such as: TJX Hackers Albert Gonzalez with his team of TJX Hackers stole millions of credit card and debit card information from T.J. Maxx and companies. It has been considered as a largest cyber-crime as they stole around 89 million credit card information. The team consisting of Albert Gonzalez, Aleksandr Suvorov, of Estonia were charged 20 years and 7 years in prison for their wire fraud activity. Suvorov found guilty in May 2009 to a cyber-fraud charge, inRead MoreThe Growing Threat Of Cyber Warfare From Russia1700 Words   |  7 PagesThreat of Cyber-Warfare from Russia The next generation of terrorists will grow up in a digital world, with ever more powerful and easy-to-use hacking tools at their disposal. - Dorothy E. Denning. This is becoming more and more apparent as time goes on. You hear something new every day about some company being hacked by the Chinese, Russians, Iranians, or North Koreans. The world we live in is becoming more and more digitized and, perhaps unsurprisingly, the threat of cyber-terrorismRead MoreAndroid Platform Malware Software841 Words   |  4 PagesThese Aren’t the Smartphones You Think They Are 1. Introduction: In this paper the discussion is about Android platform malware software. It has a wide range of vulnerabilities, one of the main reason is any developer can upload an application in the android store without any restrictions as apple does. The main theme was to find vulnerability in android operating system and to research in depth to find the reason that made the system vulnerable. Android is a complete operating environment basedRead MoreName: Vishnu Sukumaran. Clientrfs #Ops Security Clearance.Government807 Words   |  4 PagesMandatory Skills Cross Reference to Resume Analytical and Problem Solving Skills Experience evaluating and assessing client s information and system needs and defining IT and business requirements Role/Title and Company Name Business System Analyst – GAORFID Inc – 3 months Systems Analyst – Tata Consultancy Services Ltd – 2 years Project Coordinator (Intern) – Ekana Security Inc. – 3 months Provide a specific example of how you used the must have skill: Business Analysis team worked withRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Financial System1478 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities and connect to the public all around the world. The evolution of technology has greatly contributed to economic developments worldwide, however, coupled with the increased dependence on technology is the complexity and sophistication of cyber security threats that has resulted in the rise in cybercrime not just in a technologically driven country like Australia but worldwide. Australia’s financial industry has been referred to as one of the largest and highest-performing industries inRead MoreImprovement in Operational Efficiency due to ERP Systems Implementation1112 Words   |  5 PagesURL-http://www.idea-group.com 18 Information Resources Management Journal, 19(2), 18-36, April-June 2006 This paper appears in the publication, Information Resources Management Journal, Volume 19, Issue 2 edited by Mehdi Khosrow-Pour  © 2006, Idea Group Inc. ITJ3122 Improvement in Operational Efficiency Due to ERP Systems Implementation: Truth or Myth? Vijay K. Vemuri, Long Island University, USA Shailendra C. Palvia, Long Island University, USA ABSTRACT ERP systems are expected to provideRead MoreMassive Breach At Sony Play Station945 Words   |  4 PagesExternal Interruption on play station network of Sony and Qriocity services. Here, approximately 77 million accounts personal details were compromised and restricted users of play station from playing online. This attack has been caused due to malicious software entered into Sony security systems. An external hacker induced an e-mail to the Sony admistrator and the malware has been downloaded to the systems. This made hackers to steal the important information like the credit card information of the customersRead MoreF5 Networks, Inc (Nasdaq: Ffiv) Is A Company Located In1495 Words   |  6 PagesF5 Networks, INC (NASDAQ: FFIV) is a company located in Seattle, Washington which has positioned itself as a market leader in Application Delivery in the U.S. and across the world. F5 provide companies with products and services that secure their Internet Protocol traffic and infrastruc ture storage (Forbes, 1). Some of F5’s most popular products include the Local Traffic Manager (LTM), Application Security Manager, Access Policy Manager, Advanced Firewall Manager, Application Acceleration ManagerRead MoreThe Threat Of The Industrial Control System1315 Words   |  6 PagesNIST SP800-82 section 3.2 contains a table showing Adversarial Threats to ICS. For your discussion this week, you need to pick two of these and explain it in your own words. You also need to include an explanation of the potential risks to ICS s due to the threats. This means the impacts, consequences, and likelihood associated with each threat type. If possible, include an example of the threats. There are many threats which have the potential to impact industrial control systems. These threatsRead MoreCybercrime Is Crime That Involves A Computer And A Network2155 Words   |  9 PagesCybercrime is crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may be used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar (2011) define cyber-crimes as: Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet. Such crimes

America s Fight For Freedom Essay - 2492 Words

A common theme emerged for the African American people; the government may say that everyone is in this fight together but we, as African Americans, now this is not true. From the segregated military to the non-willing acceptance of African American workers in wartime factories the African American people felt that they fought a two-sided war. This two-sided approach to war took a name for itself, The Double V Campaign. African Americans joined the fight for freedom just like all other Americans, but many thought this to be the time and place to advocate for civil right, We, as colored Americans, are determined to protect our country, our form of government and the freedoms which we cherish for ourselves and for the rest of the world, therefore we have adopted the Double â€Å"V† war cry-victory over our enemies at home and victory over our enemies on the battlefields abroad. Thus in our fight for freedom we wage a two-pronged attack against our enslavers at home and those abroad who would enslave us†¦ The call for the Double V Campaign issued a new outlook for the African American people of the Second World War. This campaign is one of the earliest forms of the Civil Rights Movement for many African American families. African Americans knew that this could be the time and place to make a stand, and even though they stood in unity and patriotism for their country, they wanted to have laws and feelings change in America. Civil Rights are the basis of the people of a country,Show MoreRelatedAmerica s Essential Documents Of America1644 Words   |  7 Pagesthere s ever been, and it’s true we’ve had some pretty terrible presidents. But those weaker presidents didn’t leave a lasting impression on our country. Only those presidents that were strong and stood for or against something are remembered and studied. This doesn’t just apply to presidents, but to any great men. As great men or women come into our society and make a difference we all grow as a nation and every nation is different depending on its history. The United states of America has grownRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Gettysburg Address1161 Words   |  5 PagesMany years ago, America was not the country that is today, it had to fight for territory and freedom. Although it s become a country ruled by the people. People had to elect a president that fulfilled the expectations to expand and to create a successful country. Each of the chosen presidents left a mark; some achieved many good things and others failed. One of the big events that contribute to the way America is designed today was the civil war of 1861.During this war president, Abraham LincolnRead MoreImperialism : A Vital Goal And Factor1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthese values, which is freedom, is a core component in our country. It embraces the fundamental beliefs put forth by our Constitution. Based on treaties, pacts and alliances between our country and other nations, they are lured into conflicts that force upo n the human rights of the populations of other countries. Yet, America is still meaning to take this valuable element from the countries we subjugate. They take all this land in hopes to become dominant, nonetheless, America never considers the hardshipsRead MoreThe Fall Of Patriotic Ideals1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fall of Patriotic Ideals Although the American people have always been patriotic, younger generations are becoming less patriotic, specifically in that they are less likely to say that America is the greatest country in the world. There are many factors behind this decline in patriotism, but they are primarily rooted in global politics and contemporary American society. Younger generations have not experienced the world as the older generations have, causing them to have a differentRead MoreTo My People By Assata Shakur1514 Words   |  7 Pagesmen has manipulated and oppressed the black men. She commands the colored men to advocate, assemble, and to fight for their rights, and freedom because the american society and law enforcement is corrupted. She contends that their isn’t any equality and justice for colored people. Also Assata Shakur illustrates that colored people should get their freedom and justice they should to fight for it because the white men corrupts the system to the point w here the colored men will remain oppressed. SheRead MoreFreedom Vs. Free From Oppression1094 Words   |  5 Pagesworld history, there is a point when one encounters the question of freedom. What is freedom? Different meanings are attached to freedom, especially when one questions what exactly they are free from. Free from slavery? Free from dept? Free from oppression? There are so many different types of freedom, that it s hard to just give out a sentence and claim that s freedom . However when looking at America a clear vision of freedom appears and it does so mostly because of its history. The United StatesRead MoreThe War After The Japanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1469 Words   |  6 PagesIvan Peng, Erin Wong Galloway HUSH Period 6 11 February 2017 WW2 Propaganda From 1941 to 1945, the United States fought in the second world war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It had created a chaotic environment for America as a whole; panic spread across the nation and many were fearful of the Axis powers. Because the government is an accurate representation of its people, the people will always reflect the behaviors of their government. Thus, nations needed to remain strong and tenaciousRead MoreCastro Essay 3909 Words   |  4 PagesRuth Castro Professor Blair 31 October 2012 In the early 1930s during Hitlers uprising, he began to sweep throughout Europe seeking out nations to conquer and add to his already growing German empire. He used the Soviets distrust of the western nations to form a temporary alliance and take over Poland. France, and Britain would soon join the battle against one of the most powerful and destructive European powers. After being rejected from the League of Nations, the United StatesRead MoreAmerica s Abolition Of Slavery976 Words   |  4 Pagesproperty in his own person. This nobody has a right to but himself,†- John Locke. Those who are born into America today are farther and farther removed from a dark chapter in U.S. History. In America, the second you are born you have the unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This wasn’t always the case. The enslaving of African American’s was a way of life in America, especially in the Southern states. Black people were either forced or born into slavery. These people hadRead MoreFreedom: The American Dream1465 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Megan Cain Cain 1 Mrs. Bonessi Honors English IIB March 16, 2014 Freedom: The American Dream Throughout history, America has exceeded the limits and expectations other countries regrettably laid upon us. From writing the very first Constitution to conquering Hawaii and Puerto Rico, America has grown from on tiny colony to a country three times the size of Germany. The United States of America is now known as one of the most powerful civilizations in the world. Though, this power

Porosity And Fluid Saturations Essay Example For Students

Porosity And Fluid Saturations Essay Porosity is the best known physical characteristic of an oil reservoir. Itdetermines the volume of oil or gas present, and all recovery computations mustbe based on knowledge of its value. Porosity of a material is defined as thatfraction of the bulk volume of this material that is not occupied by the solidframework of the material.In oil reservoirs,the porosity represents thepercentage of the total space that is available for occupancy by eighter liquidsor gases.It determines the storage capacity of the sand and is generallyexpressed on a percentage basis or as a fraction or a decimal. One maydistinguish two types of porosity,namely,absolute and effective: Absoluteporosity is the percentage of total void space with respect to the bulk volumeregardless of the interconnection of the pore voids. Effective porosity is thepercentage of interconnected void space with respect to the bulk volume. Effective Porosity Measurements: Grain volume methods:In these methods theconsolidated sample is solvent extracted and dried;the bulk volume is determinedeighter by the displacement of a liquid which does not penetrate the sample orby saturating the sample and volumetrically displacing a suitable liquid withthe saturated sample.The grain volume,or volume of the solid framework of thesample,maybe measured by the volumetric displacement of a gas or a liquid,whilethe pore volume may be measured by determining the amount of liguid neccesary tosaturate the sample. It is obvious that the percentage of porosity may becalculated from such data by use of eighter of the two following relationships:Per cent porosity=100x(bulk volume grain volume/bulk volume) OR Per centporosity=100x(pore volume/bulk volume) Bulk volume determination:The bulk volumeof the extracted and dried samples may be determined by volumetric displacementof mercury. Pore gas expansion method:The measurements of porosity ma y also bemade by the pore-gas expansion method,or so-called Washburn-Buntingmethod.(1922).This method makes use of a modified Toepler pump so much in use inhigh-vacuum techniques in order to produce the barometric vacuum and remove airfrom a dried core.The bulk volume of the core must be known from other tests. Mercury-injection method:When a rock has a very small fraction of void space,itis diffucult to measure it by methods previously discussed.One may then resortto forcing a noncompressible liquid into the sample under very high pressure.Theoriginal idea appears to have been that of Horner(1944). Loss of weightmethod:The measurement of the grain volume of a core sample may also bedetermined by the loss in weight of a saturated sample plunged in a liquid. Liquid saturation Method:Measurements of pore volume may also be achieved byliquid saturation. Porosity of large core samples:A technique is advocated byLocke and Bliss(1950) for the measurement of porosity in large cores,i.e,coresas recovered from drilling operations without further reduction in size bysampling of small plugs. Absolute Porosity Measurement:In the determination ofabsolute porosity,it is required that all nonconnecting as well asinterconnecting pores be accounted for. FLUID SATURATIONS: Methods for thedetermination of reservoir fluid saturations in place consist in analyzingreservoir core samples for water and oil,the saturation in gas being obtained bydifference since the sum of the saturations in the three fluids is equal tounity. As a general practice a simple procedure is to determine the watersaturation of a sample by a suitable technique and then to measure the totalloss of weight of the sample on extraction and drying.The quantity of oilpresent is then calculat ed by subtracting the weight of water found from thetotal loss in weight.The methods which may be recommended for this determinationwill be discussed briefly. Distillation method: Water saturation may bedetermined by distillation methods such as the ASTM method and the Dean andStark method. Critical solution temperature method:A fluid saturation methodwhick makes use of the critical solutoin tempereture has been described byTaylor(1938). Titration method: Another procedure for saturation determinationmakes use of the titration method. Retort method: the procedures discussed aboveare nearly all combinations or modifications of methoads previously described inthe availble literature which have been found satisfoctory in handling a greatvariety of core samples with various requirements of rapididty and accuracy. .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa , .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .postImageUrl , .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa , .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa:hover , .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa:visited , .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa:active { border:0!important; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa:active , .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae8621979933b0592072007350a5b4fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How A Modem Works EssayOther methods have been tested and found to be less desirable, such as theretort method( Yuster and Levine, 1938). The main objection to the retortmethod, still in common use, is the cracking of the oil with the reslutingproduction of gases and the possibility of driving out water of crystallization. Capillary pressure method: In view of the difficulties involved in fluidsaturation determinations from cores, Thornton and Marshall (1947) have proposedthe use of capillary pressure curves (capillary suction vs. brine saturation) asa substitute for the direct measurments of connate water. The procedure involvesthe determination of air-water capillary pressure curves on selected coresamples, the determination of the distance above water-oil contact at which thesamples were secured, and the application of a correction in order to reduce theair-water capillary presuure curve to an oil-water capillary pressure. Summarizing, fluid saturation determinations are probably the least reliable ofthe measurements performed on reservoir rock samples.Perhaps the best approachto a true solution of the problem is by correlation of quantitative informationfrom various independent measuring means, to of which have been reviewed before,namely, by direct measurments of core samples and by indirect measurmentsthrough the use of capillary pressure curves.

Suicide Awareness Essays - Suicide, Abnormal Psychology, Depression

Suicide Awareness Suicide Awareness Suicide ranks as a leading cause of death but by knowing and understanding symptoms and causes suicide can be prevented. Suicide is an intentional attempt to kill oneself whether it is successful or unsuccessful. Suicide accounts for about one percent of all deaths in the United States each year (Disease, Condition or General Health Topic). During the last two decades suicide rates among teenagers has increased three hundred percent (Coleman 1). Suicide attempts far outnumber actual suicides (Disease, Condition or General Health Topic). Every ninety minutes a teenager in the United States commits suicide and every nine minutes a teenager attempts suicide. About one hundred and twenty-five adolescents commit suicide in one week and one thousand will try during that week (Coleman 1). More girls will attempt suicide than boys, but more boys will commit suicide than girls (2). Every year 30,000 Americans will commit suicide (All About Suicide). Because they are likely to suffer from a mental illness, particularly severe depression (Suicide). Depression is one of the most treatable mental disorders, and one of the under diagnosed and under recognized. This is a serious mood disorder that affects a persons ability to function in everyday activities. It affects how that person works, family life, and social life (All About Suicide). Suicidal behaviors occur as a response to a situation that the person views as overwhelming (Disease, Condition or General Health Topic). Someone who is profoundly depressed, the option of suicide becomes the only option, the only way to control life and end the unremitting pain (Leone 71). One of the scariest experiences a person suffers from in their lifetime is the experience of depression. More than one out of five Americans can expect to get some form of depression in their lifetime and one out of twenty Americans have a depression disorder every year. Depression is one of the most common and serious mental health problems facing individuals today (All About Suicide). There are two main threads of suicide. The social or institutional suicide and individual or personal suicide (Farberow 1). Institutional suicide is self-destruction that society demands of the individual as part of his identification with the group (1). Personal suicide is an individual act of protest or declaration against internal conflicts with himself or herself or transgressions against society (2). The motives were preservation of honor and dignity, expiation of pusillanimity or cowardice, avoidance of pain and ignominy by old age and/or disease, preservation of chasity, escape from personal disgrace by falling into the hands of the enemy, unwillingness to bear the hurt of separation or loss of love and others (Farberow 2). Lack of social support appears to be something that provokes adolescents to feel hopelessness, depressed, and unworthy (Borst 74). During high school one out of every ten students experiences some form of serve depression. Recent surveys have shown that about sixty percent of all high school students thought about killing themselves or about his or her own death (Leone 71). More than ninety percent of all suicides are related to an emotional or psychiatric illness (Disease, Condition or General Health Topic). Certain aspects will increase the chance of that person attempting suicide. The best predictor of suicidal intent is hopelessness. People with a sense of hopelessness perceive suicide as the only alternative. Those diagnosed with mental illnesses makeup about ninety percent of all suicides. Physical illness also increases an individuals risk of suicide, especially when it is accompanied by depression (Suicide). Other risk factors include previous suicide attempts, a history of suicide among family members, and social isolation. People who live alone or lack close friends may not receive emotional support that would otherwise protect them from despair and irrational thinking during difficult periods of life (Suicide). Suicidal behaviors imply that an individual wishes, intends or actually attempts suicide (Disease, Condition or General Health Topic). Suicidal behavior is viewed as a form of communication, also known as a cry for help (Results for suicide). Scientists agree that suicide is a complex behavior that has psychological, biological, and social causes (Suicide). Each risk factor biological, psychological, cognitive, and environmental of the suicide trajectory contains elements that transcend all ages. The biological basis of depression is age- irrelevant. It is associated with low levels of several neurotransmitters, serotonin metabolite and dopamine metabolite. These influence suicidal behavior, also depression. Some people become depressed with little or no environmental pressures. Another factor of suicide of all ages is maleness, throughout history and cultures. Males are more aggressive than females from birth. Also

Free Essays on Illegal Music

Illegal music Music burning websites like www.napster.com use to burn illegal music. Napster use to be one of the top CD burning web site until they were shut down. Some people don’t understand that burning CD’s makes the music stars lose lots of money. I asked a teen why did he think CD burning was an important topic, he said â€Å"it’s making the rap stars lose money†, I think he was right. After I talked to him he told me he found his information off of commercials and the web. I asked a student and she replied â€Å"you have to buy the CD’s yourself†. This young lady told me she found this information shopping at stores. Me, I think as a matter of a fact I know that it effect thousands of people. I asked a young teen in middle school where did he find his information and he replied â€Å"Music stars have commercials on television†. There are many solutions for kids to do instead of burn music. They can work for the money and buy the CD, they can go to a friends and listen to there CD’s or they can do what kids are suppose to do which is to have fun. All that the music stars want us to do is not burn their music. They want us to buy it legally. Me, I have burned a couple of CD’s illegally. According to the recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) illegal music download sites will never be eradicated. Cary Sherman told BBC News Online that music would always be available for free somewhere on the net. No matter the costly court battles to shut down illegal music sites. From research I found on BBC news one of the chairman Mr. Sherman said, â€Å"Our aim is not to completely eliminate music piracy or illegal peer-to-peer services altogether,†. The people of RIAA say that as long as within reasonable amount of control then we will be happy but we are still a long way from that. Mark Mulligan one of the analyst with Jupiter research, agreed that the music industry would never fully be able to eradicate illegal fil... Free Essays on Illegal Music Free Essays on Illegal Music Illegal music Music burning websites like www.napster.com use to burn illegal music. Napster use to be one of the top CD burning web site until they were shut down. Some people don’t understand that burning CD’s makes the music stars lose lots of money. I asked a teen why did he think CD burning was an important topic, he said â€Å"it’s making the rap stars lose money†, I think he was right. After I talked to him he told me he found his information off of commercials and the web. I asked a student and she replied â€Å"you have to buy the CD’s yourself†. This young lady told me she found this information shopping at stores. Me, I think as a matter of a fact I know that it effect thousands of people. I asked a young teen in middle school where did he find his information and he replied â€Å"Music stars have commercials on television†. There are many solutions for kids to do instead of burn music. They can work for the money and buy the CD, they can go to a friends and listen to there CD’s or they can do what kids are suppose to do which is to have fun. All that the music stars want us to do is not burn their music. They want us to buy it legally. Me, I have burned a couple of CD’s illegally. According to the recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) illegal music download sites will never be eradicated. Cary Sherman told BBC News Online that music would always be available for free somewhere on the net. No matter the costly court battles to shut down illegal music sites. From research I found on BBC news one of the chairman Mr. Sherman said, â€Å"Our aim is not to completely eliminate music piracy or illegal peer-to-peer services altogether,†. The people of RIAA say that as long as within reasonable amount of control then we will be happy but we are still a long way from that. Mark Mulligan one of the analyst with Jupiter research, agreed that the music industry would never fully be able to eradicate illegal fil...

How to Apply for Your Perkins Loan

How to Apply for Your Perkins Loan SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you considering applying for federal financial aid? If so, you might have heard of the Perkins loan program. Perkins loans are government-backed, low-interest loans that are meant to help students pay for school. They come with a lot of great perks, including the opportunity for loan cancellation (that's exactly what it sounds like it is - imagine taking out a loan for school, and not having to pay it back). If you've already checked out our guide to Perkins loans and want to get one for yourself, you've come to the right place. Read on for easy to follow instructions on exactly how to apply for a federal Perkins loan. The Basics of Applying for Perkins Loans There's no dedicated or separate application for the Perkins loan; instead, you apply by submitting a Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. The good news is that even if you're not eligible for a Perkins loan, you're opening up other opportunities for financial aid by submitting a FAFSA. You'll automatically be considered for any federal aid programs; schools and private scholarships can also use information from this application to award funds. There's no fee required to submit this application, and turnaround is pretty fast; you should receive a report detailing your eligibility for certain federal aid programs in about 3 days if you submit the FAFSA online. You'll quickly learn whether you'll be awarded the Pell grant, for example, or whether you're eligible to take out Direct Subsidized loans. Because financial eligibility requirements for Perkins loans vary from school to school, you won't learn about your Perkins eligibility until your school sends you a financial aid package. In general, Perkins loans are awarded to students who demonstrate exceptional financial need. Unfortunately, demonstrating this financial need doesn't necessarily guarantee that you'll receive the loan, but I'll discuss strategies for increasing your chances later in this post. The eligibility requirements are therefore a bit strict, but the loans themselves are flexible and come with some serious perks: Borrowers are given a 9 month grace period, whereas other federal loans come with a 6 month grace period. Borrowers who take jobs in community service after graduation are often eligible for loan cancellation(check out our guide here). Competitive interest rates; Perkins loan interest rates = 5%, whereas many private student loans can come with interest rates that are twice as high. Sounds pretty good, right? If you're thinking that you have nothing to lose by applying for a Perkins loan, you're right. In the next sections, I'll detail the steps you need to take to submit your best loan application. How to Apply Step 1: Check Whether Your School Participates in the Perkins Loan Program Although Perkins Loans are government-backed, your school would technically be your Perkins Loan lender. Fewer schools participate in the Perkins Loan program than in some other federal loan programs. You can check with your school’s financial aid office to figure out whether they offer Perkins loans. You can also ask what their financial eligibility requirements are. This might give you a better idea of your chances before you submit your FAFSA. Step 2: Check Your Timeline for Submitting the FAFSA There are a few different deadlines you should be aware of: federal and state. The only deadline that matters specifically for the Perkins Loan specifically is the federal one, although if you’re submitting the FAFSA at this deadline, there may not be any Perkins funding left for you. The deadline for federal funding for the 2015-2016 school year is June 30, 2016. You may be able to get federal aid even after you’ve finished your year at school (if you’re a current college student), so it could be worth your while to apply later on even if you’re too late to get the Perkins.Different states (if you also want to be considered for state funding) have different deadlines for applying for student aid: check the deadline for your state here. Schools use information from the FAFSA to put together financial aid packages. Like I mentioned above, you won't actually learn whether you can take out a Perkins loan until you've received this financial aid package.You can submit your FAFSA as early as January 1 for the year you’re entering school.Current college students typically submit their FAFSAs early in their spring semesters for the next academic year. It’s easy to put off completing the FAFSA until the federal or state deadline - don’t do this!Perkins money tends to run out quickly because each participating school has a finite Perkins budget - it's first come, first serve. Plan on applying as early in the year as possible (January or February). You won’t have that year’s tax information yet, but that’s ok - you can submit estimates and amend those numbers later as needed. That way, schools will have your FAFSA information on hand once you're accepted. The early bird gets the Perkins loan. Step 3: Gather All the Information You Need to Complete the Application Although gathering this information isn't necessarily hard, it can be the most tedious part of the application process. Keep in mind that you'll also need to meet all basic federal aid requirements in order to submit a FAFSA (you can read more about that here). Here's all the information you'll need to fill out an application: Your Social Security Number Your Alien Registration Number (if you're not a US citizen) Your most recent federal income tax returns, W-2s, and other records of income Bank statements and investment records (if applicable) Records of untaxed income (if applicable) An FSA ID to sign electronically (if you're submitting your FAFSA online). You can create a FSA ID here. You'll also need all the above information from your parents, even if they won't be helping you pay for school.Your parents’ financial information is considered when determining how much aid you may be eligible for - here’s some more specific information: If your parents are married, gather info for both of them. If your parent is widowed or single, you just need the financial information for that one parent. If your widowed parent is currently remarried, you need info for your parent + his/her spouse. If your parents are divorced or separated, you need information for your custodial parent (the parent you lived with the most in the past year). If your parents have joint custody, and you’ve spent equal time with them, you need info for the parent who’s supported you the most financially. If youthink your circumstances warrant a what’s called a â€Å"dependency override,† where your parents’ financial info is not taken into account (meaning you would likely get more aid), you will also need to gather all documentation around your special circumstances (that is, any documentation that would support your claims). Common overrides include age, marriage, kids, homelessness, military service, foster care, or legal emancipation. Answer questions about these circumstances honestly on your FAFSA - the application will process as incomplete, and you’ll need to follow up with the financial aid office of the school you’re seeking an aid package from. Step 4: Choose Your Submission Method You can choose to submit either an electronic or paper version of the FAFSA. I recommend that you submit an electronic version, but here are instructions for both methods of submission so that you can make a decision that's right for you: Electronic Submission It’s generally easier to submit online than it is to send in a paper application. The form can be submitted electronically here. If you plan to submit online, apply for a FSA ID for you and your parents first! You need a FSA to sign the FAFSA electronically - it can take up to 3 days to get the ID via email, so build this into your timeline. The electronic FAFSA tends to guide you through the application process faster, and can you notify you about certain errors. Electronic submission will get you faster â€Å"results† - you’ll receive your SAR, or Student Aid Report (document which tells you about your eligibility for federal student aid), in about 3 days. Paper Submission You can get a paper copy of the FAFSA at high school guidance offices, college financial aid offices, and many libraries. You can also download and print the application yourself here. Paper FAFSAs are a bit more cumbersome than the electronic version, take the longest to file (it can take weeks to get your SAR back), and lead applicants to make more mistakes, which will delay your application process. This is not a good option for you if you're tight on time. Step 5: If Possible, Set a Time With Your Parents to Complete the FAFSA Once you've gathered all relevant information and chosen your submission method, you'll need to plan some time to sit down and actually complete the application. As I mentioned earlier, you'll need quite a bit of information from your parents or guardians - the form will be much easier to complete if you can sit down with them, going through each section together. Plan on spending 1-2 hours on filling out the application. A little extra help from the 'rents makes the application process faster and easier. Step 6: After You Submit Within 3-5 days, you will receive an email with directions to access your Student Aid Report. The colleges you listed on your FAFSA will have access to your SAR shortly after you do.You can check the status of your application by calling the Federal Student Aid Information Center (1.800.433.3243), or by logging into the Department of Edwebsite with your FSA ID. If your application was complete, your school should be able to use your Student Aid Report to generate a financial aid offer,which can include grants, loans, and scholarships. If you are offered a Perkins Loan, it will be included in this financial aid offer. Your school has the ultimate say in whether you get the Perkins Loan. Financial eligibility does not guarantee that you’ll receive the loan. Schools with better funding, or with better financial aid programs, may be able to offer more Perkins loans. If You're Offered a Perkins Loan, Should You Take It? So you've gone through all this work to apply for federal financial aid, and your school offers you a Perkins loan in your financial aid package. You can choose to take the loan, or you can refuse the aid. What do you do? First, you should avoid taking on any debt if you have other ways to cover your school's cost of attendance (like grants or scholarships, for example). Perkins loans are great financial tools, but as with any loan, you'll end up paying back more money than you originally borrowed due to interest (if you don't get 100% of your loan canceled, that is). To learn more about cost of attendance and budgeting out college expenses, check out our college cost guide. If you've determined that you need to take out loans to help pay for school, the Perkins loan could be a great option for you, particularly if you're planning on working in public service after you graduate. Working in certain fields qualifies Perkins loan borrowers for loan cancellation - you could potentially get up to 100% of your loan canceled, which means you wouldn't end up paying a dime. You can read more about Perkins loan cancellation here. If you're choosing between a Perkins loan and another loan, the Perkins loan will almost always be the better financial option. Interest rates are low, as I mentioned earlier in this post, and no interest accrues while you're in school or for 9 months after you leave. As a result, you'll end up paying less in the long run. All in all, Perkins loans are great options for students who need loans to help finance their educations. They're particularly good options for students who are interested in public service. It's hard to go wrong with a Perkins loan! What's Next? If you're researching Perkins loans, you should definitely learn more about other federal financial aid programs as well. Check out our guides on the Pell Grant, Direct Subsidized loan, and Direct Unsubsidized loan. Already know all about those federal programs? You might want to check out scholarship opportunities. Learn more about the National Merit Scholarship and the Walmart Scholarship. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Mice oxygen consumption rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mice oxygen consumption rate - Essay Example Warm-blooded animals maintain thermal homeostasis via internal metabolic processes; hence, endotherms can remain active over a broad range of ambient temperature (Stanier 79). # 2 Define metabolic rate Metabolic rate refers to the amount of energy utilized in a set period. Metabolic rate represents the pace at which energy can be utilized by an organism and encompasses the integration of all catabolic energy transformations in the body, as well as the intensity and speed of life itself. The metabolic rate may be enhanced by several processes of considerable ecological significance including tissue synthesis, food processing, and physical activity. The metabolic rate remains closely related to the rate of ATP production measured by cellular respiration (oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production. Metabolism represents the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations in the cells of living organisms. Metabolism also refers to all chemical reactions that manifest within living o rganisms including transport of substances (Cannon and Nedergaard 242). # 3 Factors that affect metabolic rate The metabolic rates can be essentially determined by relatively few factors, namely: temperature, phylogenetic affinities, and mass. The body temperature possesses pervasive impacts on biological processes via the influence of temperature on the activity of metabolically significant enzymes. The metabolic rates double or triple in the event that body temperature increases by 10 °C. The absolute levels of metabolism that the temperature levels establish may be subject to acclamatory or evolutionary changes through the alteration of enzyme structure or composition. In endotherms, the impacts of the core thermal dependence may be surpassed by the physiological regulation of body temperature, which is energetically expensive ((Navas and Jose? 13). One of the primary factors impacting on metabolic rate is boy size or body mass. The metabolic rate interspecifically relates with body mass. Individuals with greater body weight manifest a higher resting metabolism relative to smaller individual since their body would have to work â€Å"harder† to support and sustain the extra weight. This theory stipulates that, endothermic animals must metabolically generate enough body heat to balance the heat lost via their body surface if they were to maintain a constant body temperature. Phylogeny: The metabolic level differs among taxa, whereby the phylogenetic history of an animal determines the rate of energy expenditure (Navas and Jose? 15). Moreover, men usually possess less body fat and more muscles relative to women of the same weight and age, which leads to burning of more calories. As people get older, the size of the muscle tends to reduce, which in turn slows down calories burning. # 4 How metabolic rate is dependent on the ambient external temperature The temperature of an animal relies on the amount of heat contained within the animal’s body. Animals can absorb or lose heat from or to the environment via several processes such as convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. The amount of heat transferred into or out of an animal hinges on the surface area, heat

Development in the Hardware and Software Industries Tapped by GIS Appl Assignment

Development in the Hardware and Software Industries Tapped by GIS Applications - Assignment Example Hardware and software industries have catered to the needs of various areas defined in the marketplace. Software that is used to integrate geographical information with people and events, help in producing knowledge useful in the industrial operations and a basis of research outcomes. Examples are the GIS software and hardware used for libraries, museums, and schools that facilitate management, demographic/market analysis, asset mapping and inventories (Educational License Options n.d.).   Specific applications include ArcGIS for Desktop, Explorer, Mapping, Server, Server Image Extension and many others. In the case of Botanical Gardens and Zoological Parks, a software was developed specifically designed as a data model for mapping facilities and plant collections. It is called ArcGIS Public Garden Data Model. The hardware developments kept up with the industry standard or what was required for efficient data capture of GIS components. The digitizing tablets allowed the operator to record coordinates and scanners which convert analog source documents into digital raster form (Jackson and Woodsword 2012). GIS has been integrated into social networking. Ushahidi, for example, is a software that is used to collect information from multiple channels such as text messages, email, and Twitter (Dumbill 2010). It has been found useful in reporting disasters such as floods and aggregating reports from citizen journalists. The trend analysis provided by GIS in a combination of social data resulted in quick and effective disaster management. It has used information from social networking as sensors of the pending disaster, enabling the authorities to respond accordingly.

Sanctions in Criminal and Civil Law Essay Example for Free

Sanctions in Criminal and Civil Law Essay Answer to Question 1 Sanctioning or Punishment is the act of imposing an unpleasant condition upon a subject in order to stop an undesirable behavior that he has displayed. The main rationale is that if people are harmed for their wrongful conduct, such wrongful conduct will no longer continue in the future.[1]   In law, there are two general types of sanctions – civil and criminal.   A civil penalty or sanction is one that is imposed upon a person who commits a wrong. Its purpose is to compensate the state or the injured person rather than to punish the act committed. (wikipedia, civil penalty). In simple terms, it would be to correct a wrong committed through the payment of damages or compensation.   Penalties can also be agreed upon as in the case of contracts. The parties to a contract can agree that each will pay a certain amount as damages in case a breach occurs. Although this is not a state-sanctioned penalty, this is allowed under the people’s general freedom to contract.   A criminal penalty is one that is imposed to punish a person for his wrongful conduct.   Forms of penalties Fines Persons are punished by making them pay money to the state. Confiscation The objects of the crime are confiscated in favor of the state or the offended party. For example, stolen goods are taken from the offender and returned to the original owner. Demotion In the military and in government offices, persons found to be guilty of offenses against the law may be demoted in rank or even dismissed from service. Loss of civil rights A person convicted of a crime may be stripped of certain rights like the right to vote or the right to run for office. Forced labor / Community service Persons convicted may, instead of serving time in prison, render community service without compensation. In some places, convicted persons are sent to labor camps to perform manual labor for the state. Imprisonment Persons convicted may be separated from society and sent to prison for a period of time. After serving time, he will be released and will then be allowed to rejoin society. Rehabilitation Persons convicted for certain crimes like drug abuse will be sent to specialized institutions for rehabilitation. Banishment In some countries, persons convicted of crimes may be banished or sent away from their localities. Retraining orders   Those convicted of violent crimes can be prohibited from further approaching their victims through a restraining order. Public humiliation For some crimes or undesirable behavior, persons may be punished by making their acts known to the public through publication or announcement. Corporal punishment In some countries, persons may be punished by flogging or whipping. The number of lashes will depend upon the severity of the offense. Capital punishment In many countries, people may be hanged, short, electrocuted or submitted for lethal injection for the most serious crimes.   Specific Reasons for Punishment [2] Deterrence Deterrence means dissuading someone from committing the same acts in the future. It is about sending a message to society that the cost of doing such an act outweighs the benefits and, therefore, it would not be worth doing. By punishing one who violates the law, other will become fearful of committing the same violation. Incapacitation By imprisoning offenders of the law, society is protected from them. For as long as they are placed in confined space and monitored closely, then the community will be safer. This is concerned with keeping violators of the law in control by separating them from the law-abiding members of society. Rehabilitation Some punishments are designed to change or rehabilitate the wrongdoer by making him understand that his behavior was wrong and that he must not commit the same offense again. It is about changing a person’s attitude and making it very clear to him that his actions were harmful to himself and to society and that they must never be repeated. This idea is based on the belief if any real change is to happen, violators of the law must be taught to take responsibility for their own actions and they must be given the chance to undo their mistakes and reform their ways. Restoration For minor offenses, the wrongdoer might be given a chance to â€Å"right the wrong† that he committed. For instance, if a person commits vandalism by spray-painting a wall, he might be punished by forcing him to clean up or repaint the wall. The purpose of this is to offset bad behavior with a corrective act. Retribution Some people continue to believe that the harm inflicted on the wrongdoer is a good in itself even if no person benefits from it in reality. This philosophy emerged from the very old belief of â€Å"an eye for an eye† – meaning that any person who commits a wrong must suffer the same wrong. This philosophy has long been abandoned by the greater part of civilized society. Protection of Values Punishment can be seen as an act of honoring the values of society. By punishing a murder, the state shows that it honors the value of human life. By punishing burglars, we protect the value of property. Current trends Today, experts in criminal justice and corrections are moving towards the idea of reformative or restorative justice[3]. It seeks to use peaceful approaches to rid communities of criminal activity. This theory does away with retribution and revenge. It emphasizes that such violence will only cause society to deteriorate. Communities must participate in the reformation of socially deviant persons by giving them opportunities at a better life. This approach focuses on reconciliation between the victims and the offender. It gives the offender a chance to turn a new leaf and correct the wrongs he has committed. Punishment includes the expression of remorse and restitution for the harm done.   Instead of allowing persons to languish in prison unproductively, theorists argue that those convicted of crimes must be given a chance to look forward to their reintegration into society. Without this hope for reintegration, they will have no incentive to reform their behavior or correct their mistakes. They must be treated with dignity and they must be allowed to work hard to regain society’s faith and trust in them.   There is no single form of restorative justice. Some legal systems give the offenders and the victims opportunities for reconciliation and restitution. Some systems allow offenders to render community service so that they can learn to be more responsible and productive rather than just serving idle time in prison. Some systems use professional counseling as a way to educate offenders and allow them a chance to express their own thoughts and feelings about their actions.   Although many restorative justice initiatives have been found to be very successful with adult offenders, most of the efforts today are focused mainly on juveniles in conflict with the law. Conclusion Different cultures and legal systems in the world continue to debate on the purpose of punishment. There is one thing, however, that is universally agreed upon: punishment is necessary for an orderly society.   For any legal system to work, people must be informed of what is right and what is wrong. Punishment makes these lessons clear because it gives teeth to any law that prohibits a certain action. Without punishment, people will do whatever they want with impunity and without any restraint. There is great interest in defining what the acceptable norms and behaviors are in society and these standards can not be preserved unless some form of punishment is imposed upon those who wish to oppose these standards. Social control is always necessary in any civilized society. People have to be kept in line by exercising their rights in the proper way without harming the rights of others. Without penalties, the laws can never be enforced. They will remain as empty statements of ideals without any real coercive value to back them up. If any society is to flourish, undesirable behavior must be punished and good behavior must be rewarded.   The important thing to keep in mind is that any punishment must always be proportional to the wrongful act it seeks to correct. If it is too light, then there is great risk that the behavior might continue. If it is too harsh, then there is blatant injustice and instead of setting a man right, it might destroy his spirit completely and instead of mending his ways and reintegrating into society, he runs the risk of deviating even further from acceptable social behavior.   It is also important that substantial and procedural due process is strictly complied with. A person must be proven and declared to be deserving of a sanction before it is meted out upon him. The person to be sanctioned must be heard and allowed to defend himself in court with all legal means in his disposal. Sanctions and punishments must always be an incident of justice and never against it. People need to know that they will be punished for wrongdoing but they must also be given the guarantee that any person who is accused of wrongdoing will be treated fairly. Just as society becomes more orderly with a fair and impartial justice system, only chaos will result from an arbitrary and oppressive one.   Answer to Question 2 Under The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations 2005[4], provides that that a person subjects a woman to harassment, including sexual harassment, if: â€Å"(a) on the ground of her sex, he engages in unwanted conduct that has the purpose or effect – (i) of violating her dignity, or (ii) of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for her, (b) he engages in any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that has the purpose or effect— (i) of violating her dignity, or (ii) of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for her, or (c) on the ground of her rejection of or submission to unwanted conduct of a kind mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b), he treats her less favourably than he would treat her had she not rejected, or submitted to, the conduct.† It is clear that the offensive remarks and the acts of placing offensive pictures on Nicola’s desk by her male colleagues constitute sexual harassment. Although the act of asking her out to dinner is not, in itself, an act of sexual harassment, when coupled with all these other acts, it may be considered part of the whole group of offensive acts committed against her. Considering that Nicola has already approached her employer who is obliged by law to act on her complaint, it is her right to take the matter to the appropriate government agency. I advise Nicola to make notes on when these instances occurred, who were involved and what happened exactly. She must get her facts straight. She must also get a written copy of the results from the investigation. As to the acts antecedent to the investigation, Nicola must keep copies of the inappropriate emails and organize them according to their date. It would be most wise for her to seek help from her union with regard to advise and representation[5]. With the information in hand, she may now take her complaint to an employment tribunal. It must be noted that Nicola must file her complaint with the tribunal within three months from the time her employer concluded his investigation or from the last instance of harassment[6]. If she is later unsatisfied with the decision of the tribunal, then she can choose to appeal to an employment appeal tribunal. The present law against sexual discrimination will only be effective if the victims themselves assert their own rights. First, they must not be afraid to approach their harassers and tell them that the acts committed are unacceptable. The must not take these acts â€Å"sitting down† but rather, they must send a clear message that this kind of behavior will not be tolerated. Second, the victims must keep in mind that it is the legal duty of their employers to act on any sexual harassment complaints. The victims must approach the employers first and make a complaint to them. If it becomes clear that the employer is unwilling or unable to act upon the matter, then the victim must bring the complaint to the employment tribunal within the appropriate period. Third, sexual harassment is a serious concern of employment or labor unions. Victims must be able to approach their unions for assistance. Unions must be able to protect their members especially from serious offenses like sexual harassment. [1] Punishment, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment (last accessed July 30, 2006). [2] Specific reasons for punishment, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment (last accessed July 30, 2006). [3] Restorative Justice, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorative_justice (last accessed July 30, 2006). [4] Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 2467, The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations 2005. [5] Sexual harassment: new law in force in UK, at http://www.out-law.com/page-6187 (last accessed July 30, 2006). [6] Sexual harassment, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/crime/law/sexualharassment.shtml (last accessed July 30, 2006).

The Value of Work Experience :: Free Essays

The Value of Work Experience A summer or part-time job pays more than money. Even though the money earned is important, the work experience gained has a greater long-term value when one applies for a full-time job after graduation from school. Job application documents (the application blank and the personal data sheet) ask you to list jobs you have held and to list as references the names of individuals who supervised your work. (Gieseking and Plawin, 1994, 22) As one young person was heard to remark, â€Å"You can’t get a job without experience, and you can’t get experience without a job.† That dilemma can be overcome, however, by starting work early in life and by accepting simpler jobs that have no minimum age limit and do not require experience. Jobs Teens Can Do Begin early at jobs that may not pay especially well but help to establish a working track record: delivering newspapers, babysitting, mowing lawns, assisting with gardening, and the like. Use these work experiences as springboards for such later jobs as sales clerks, gas station attendant, fast-food worker, lifeguard, playground supervisor assistant, and office staff assistant (after you have developed basic office skills). As you progress through these work exploration experiences, try increasingly to get jobs that have some relationship to your career plans. If, for example, you want a career involving frequent contact with people—as in sales—seek part-time and summer work that gives you experience in dealing with people. Hamel, 1989, 10) How to Handle Yourself on the Job Whatever the job you are able to get, the following pointers will help you succeed in getting good recommendation for the next job you seek. 1. Be punctual. Get to work on time and return from lunch and other breaks promptly. 2. Get along well with others. Do your job well and offer to assist others who may need help. Take direction with a smile instead of a frown.

Caribbean Music

Music of the Caribbean region differs from island to island. The Caribbean got its name from the term â€Å"Carib†, which is the name of an old Native American ethnic group. Today the region is divided into four different parts: Spanish, French, Dutch, and British Caribbean. The Spanish Caribbean consists of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Dominican Republic; the French Caribbean consists of Haiti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana; the Dutch Caribbean contains Suriname, Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Maarteen, and St.  Eustatius; and the British Caribbean is the largest and consists of Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Bahamas, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, British Virgin Islands, U. S. Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Turks and Caicos Islands. (CLASS NOTES) The Caribbean has a variety of different instruments and genres that make up its music and dancing culture. Caribbean music has several distinctive characteristics to both its sound and its dancing styles. Their techniques are not predetermined and the musicians improvise as they make their music. Dancers typically do not have a lot of body contact and the waist and pelvic region are the main body of center of attention. Fast rhythmic dancing is a big part of Caribbean dancing. Both music and dancing are influenced from a variety of other worldwide cultures, including African, European, and later Asian. (CLASS NOTES) Caribbean music features complex short combinations of rhythmic patterns. This is demonstrated in video ML 3475 . J88 1995 Vol. 4 : The Caribbean.  One of the most prominent instruments within Caribbean music is the large array of drums, including Steel, Conga, Timbales and Bongo Drums. All these types of drums distribute very different kinds of sounds. The steel pan, also known as a steel drum, is made from oil drums heated and hammered into an instrument with multiple pitches played with rubber-headed mallets (Mahabir). Today, the steel drum is a very sophisticated musical instrument. It is a unique instrument with origins in colonial Trinidad. The steel drum was used as communication for African slaves (Idaho State University). Turns out the steel drum doesn’t only evoke images of beaches and pina coladas. The drums haunting and echoing sound means so much more. The Congo drum is a Cuban barrel-shaped, one-headed hand drum. This instrument is played in sets of two or four. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which mean each drum possesses its own unique sound. (Demonstrated on CD-2260, Drums defiance) The smallest Congo drum is called Nino and the largest tumba. This type of drum is played by striking the drumhead with one’s fingertips or palms instead of a mallet. The Bongo is a set of small one-headed drums that is held between the musician’s knees and is played by hand like the Congo drum. These drums are also important in Latin music, particularly music deriving from Cuba. (The Bongo Page) Bongo drums usually have a wooden or metal base, and can be tuned by tightening the skin over the drum. The sizes of these drums also vary according to the musician’s preferences. The drums are each named hembra for the larger drum and macho for the smaller drum. These are Spanish words meaning female and male, respectively. Hembra has a much lower tone then macho. The Bongo Page) However, both drums are significantly higher then the Congo drums. Reggae genre was first formed in Jamaica in the 1960’s. This genre of music is based on a rhythmic style, with spurs of off-beats. Typically it is a slower beat, with the guitar, and other instruments such as the drums influencing the sound. It is very similar to â€Å"rock steady† but the use of complex bass line and speed is what separates the two (Bradley). The reggae vocals are less dramatic then the influence from the instruments. It is very common to hear dialects, which could sound slang to some Americans. Something different from most singers is, reggae singers use tremolo (volume oscillation) instead of vibrato (pitch oscillation) (Bradley). The Calypso genre music was started on the Island of Trinidad (Dudley). This genre is also rooted in West African traditional music like Reggae. It was used for different aspects of life, such as communication and also for entertainment. Calypso is generally played on folk instruments such as the guitar, banjo, and other percussions. It is typically heavily rhythmic but still melodic. Since the genre was often used for communication the lyrics were often political in nature, but often masked.

New Products Launching

Generation: Bangladesh having monsoon weather most of the time our climate Is hot and burning. So the use of lotion In that climate Is quite Irrelevant. In winter the skin looses the smoothness thus It Is mandatory to use body lotion. But if we try It In summer then it will be a disaster because of sunburn the skin will become dark and shady. But it is necessary to keep the moisture of body in summer also but due to sunburn we can't do it. Togged rid of this problem, Advanced Chemicals Limited (ACE) introduces the body cooling lotion will moisture the body and also keep the skin safe room sunburn.Body cooling lotion uses menthol which keeps the whole body cool and gives energy to the working people to work under heat. Besides that, who are beauty conscious can get the fresh look and moisture skin by using this body cooling lotion. And the most Important thing body cooling lotion also deals with physical side like by using this lotion people can get rid from the problem of sweating d ehydration, Itching, and allergy. 3. Core Values The human core or internal body temperature is normally maintained to quite close tolerances regardless of weather, clothing, bathing, or cosmetics on the skin .Body lolling lotion temporarily affects the temperature of the skin, especially the outermost layer of epidermis. In general, this lotion will balance the temperature by acting as a blanket and possibly by blocking perspiration, which cools the skin. Under conditions of sickness or injury, there may be a malfunction of the body's temperature control system. Like other lotions body cooling lotion is not only responsible for body moisture but also has a twist of menthol which will create a cool refreshing feeling all day long which secure them from sweating and dehydration and Instantly refreshes skin, leaving It feeling fresh and clean.Sun blocks never provide superior protection from the sun. Because we are always reluctant to use lotion in summer because using lotion can dark our skin so body cooling lotion act as a crucial part in summer . People need to feel fresh and calm in this weather. For this reason a perfect cooling body lotion is needed for both man and woman. Besides that body cooling lotion is waterproof, sweat proof and water resistant. The other core values are no harmful chemicals, no allergy, no side effects, and superior quality. 4.Situation Analysis l) Market situation: ACE Is one of the leading antiseptic and personal care product manufacturing many in Bangladesh. As Sac's products are perceived very positively by customers, is body lotion. In the present market, Square does not have any body cooling lotion. Square only have â€Å"cool† body spray which will keep the body cold with the distinctive and masculine fragrance. Moreover, cool is segmented only for male users. So, there will be huge market for female body cooling lotion. On the other side, another competitor Milliner is doing monopolistic and exclusive business in the body lotion market.Because mostly available body lotion manufactured by Milliner â€Å"Baseline†, Dove† and â€Å"Fair and Lovely-body lotion† in the local market. It has been identified that, few years back ACE has been launched soap under both of the segment which are health soap and beauty soap. But they were unable to capture the maximum market share than other companies in both of the segment. The reason was that, they were incapable to compete with the dominant brand Lug under beauty soap category and with Delete and Lifebuoy under health soap category. Furthermore, they were incapable because of their inconsistency in distribution and lack of product uniqueness.That is why, the company has come up with a new idea and they want to munch a new kind of body cooling lotion which will contain both antiseptic quality and beauty care quality. It) Demographic: Consumer needs and wants change with age. Although every class of people are concerned about their skin but young people are more concerned about their skin and beauty. So sometimes it's very crucial for them to use a comfortable product which can protect their skin, increase moisture, and protect sunburn. Body cooling lotion is the perfect solution for them.Dividing a market in different groups based on sex, has long been common for many products like cosmetics. According to gender it s more important to use separate lotion. Body cooling lotion is not same for the male and female. So according to gender body cooling lotion should be used. Another important factor under demographic is age. Product can also differ according to age. A baby cannot use the same lotion which a young and adult people use. So body cooling lotion can also differ according to age. Another factor is personality and life cycle. According to life cycle body cooling lotion is used for those people who are working class.All day they are staying in outside and to feel fresh with addition skin moisture they need to u se the body cooling lotion. Another thing is personality. Classy people always skin conscious, body conscious and they want to see themselves in fresh look. So body cooling lotion is highly acceptable for them. Ill) Geographic: The elements of defining the relevant geographic market include the nature and characteristics of the concerned products, the existence of entry barriers, consumer preferences, and differences among the market shares of undertakings in the neighboring geographic areas.A company's product can extend their name based on customer preferences. If the customer accepts the body cooling lotion, then they can expand their market worldwide. Under geographical segment the ingredient of the product should be safe, customer should highly prefer body cooling lotion and as a result the exit barrier will be low. ‘v) Behavior factors: social factors, personal factors and psychological factors. Cultural factors are coming from the different components related to culture or cultural environment from which the consumer belongs. According to culture body cooling lotion can be acceptable.White collar people who spend their majority of time in work can have the problem of sweating, dehydration, for that reason body cooling lotion is mandatory. From young to adult, male and female every class of people can use body cooling lotion. And now a days women are also participating to work in outside, so according to the scenario the majority portion of people are working in outside by facing sunburn, sweating problem. Thus body cooling lotion can act as a prominent part. Social factors are among the factors influencing consumer behavior significantly.They fall into three categories: reference groups, family and social roles and status. More generally, reference groups are defined as those that provide to the individual some points of comparison more or less direct about his behavior, lifestyle, desires or habits. If the consumer show positive behavior, interes ted to use the body cooling lotion and after using they are use to with it then it is highly acceptable. The family is maybe the most influencing factor for an individual. It forms an environment of colonization in which an individual will evolve, shape his personality, and acquire values.If the family persons are interested to use this lotion then it is highly acceptable. The position of an individual within his family, his work, his country club, his group of friends, etc. All this can be defined in terms of role and social status. After family friends are interested to use it then it can extend their market. Decisions and buying behavior are obviously also influenced by the characteristics of each consumer. A consumer does not buy the same products or services at 20 or 70 years. His lifestyle, values, environment, activities, hobbies and consumer habits evolve throughout his life.So according to consider those requirements it is a challenge for the body cooling lotion whether it is accepted or not. The purchasing power of an individual will have, of course, a decisive influence on his behavior and archiving decisions based on his income and his capital. As body cooling lotion is affordable so every class of people can buy this product. Motivation and perception are most important. If people hear positive word from their friends and family about the lotion then they will highly motivated and perceive in a good way.Then after using the product if they get the positive result then their belief and attitude will be positive and they will buy more which will increase the profitability of the product. 5. Product Offering: In order to establish and run a successful business the company need to properly fine what it is that are offering to the customers. Whether the company offer a product, a service or both, it is imperative to proper define what it is the company do in order to reach the right target audience at the right price.Body cooling lotion offers the cust omer fresh feeling; get rid from sweating and dehydration, instant moisturizer effect, assures smooth and silky soft skin, making the skin look younger, brighter, soft and fresh, sunscreen and ultraviolet rays protection, relieve pain & fatigue the body, to order, remove winds and slimming the body benefits, relieve says without affecting balance of skin, protects collagen tissue and also prevents the occurrence of free radicals and resulting old skin view, availability in different colors to suit every skin tone suitability for all types of skin delicate fragrance smooth texture softens skin naturally ideal for : treating dry skin making a base before applying make-up removing makeup effectively treating sunburns. This lotion penetrates deep into the skin and restores the moisture content and the menthol that are using in the lotion feel the consumer cool in outside also which reduce the warm which reduces inching and allergy. Competitor Analysis: Peoples are getting more concern w ith their skin, beauty and comfort day by day. Now, everyone wants to keep themselves organized and beautiful from their affordability. Hence, with the increasing demand many companies are there to serve the needs in a good manner to satisfy or hold customers. So, when it comes to beauty products there is not only one competitor. There is no product in the market which serves similar values to the customers. The constant growth in the temperature and the intolerable heat in the summer will make this product a buy-buy one. It will outperform, out maneuver and outcast competitors from similar sector.The product will keep its long lasting brand equity and through perpetual innovation it will hold it;s success. Primarily the target market is the urban areas of Bangladesh but eventually it will become a global brand. The target of the brand would be value innovation. Though we have different features but for same product line our Many competitors are there in lotion industry for our ACE Body Cooling Lotion, they are: Square Toiletries Limited: Square Toiletries is one of the largest companies in Toiletries Industry of Bangladesh. They got a good amount of share in this industry. Though, it does not have any body cooling lotion but they have already touched the concept by introducing Cool body spray and it also have a winter based body lotion.Cool Body Spray: Square only have â€Å"cool† body spray which will keep the body cool with the distinctive and masculine fragrance. Moreover, cool is segmented only for male users. So, there will be huge market for female body cooling lotion. Besides that, it does not have any moisturizing features with itself. So, we can have both male and female potentials for our Cooling Body Lotion. Cool Body spray has deodorant features that is already exist in our Cooling Body Lotion. So, in many cases we are ahead enough to compete with Square Cool Body Spray. Merit Revive Moisturizing Lotion: Merit Revive Moisturizing Lotion is especially suited for winter months when skin starts wilting due to lack of moisture.As our market segment is different so it will not be a threat for us. Milliner Bangladesh: We must agree that Milliner is doing monopolistic and exclusive business in the body lotion market. Because mostly available body lotion manufactured by Milliner â€Å"Baseline†, â€Å"Dove† and â€Å"Fair and Lovely-body lotion† in the local market. Baseline Body Lotion: has gained the significant market share in lotion industry. It has several kinds of lotion to meet customer demand. Baseline Cocoa Radiant Baseline All Moisturizing Gel Baseline Essential Healing Lotion Among them Baseline All Moisturizing Gel is designed for Summer and it gives cooling and relief after sunburn. It is a great competitor for us.Fair & lovely Body promises to lighten dark skin and also qualified other features of a lotion. ACE Body Cooling Lotion will not lighten the dark skin as it is not fairness lotion. In summer cost of the people look for some sort of cool environment and comfortable feeling. So, our product will serve their purpose to good extend. Dove is currently offering three kind of body lotion. Essential Nourishment Go Fresh Nourishment Indulgent Nourishment Dove Body Lotion: Dove brought a solution that keeps skin refreshed and nourished all day. It leaves skin thoroughly nourished and revalidated from morning to night and also leaves skin extra soft, extra smooth and extra beautiful.Among these three Go Fresh Nourishment is especially for Summer and it is a competition for us. However, s initially our target is rural people and Dove Go Fresh Nourishment is not that much available in rural area so it is a good point for us. Besides that, with nourishing and moisturizing we also provide the cooling feature. 7. SOOT Analysts: A SOOT analysis is a method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a business or project. A SOOT analysis of the business environment can be performed by organizing the environmental factors as follows: The firm's internal attributes can be classed as strengths and weakness. The external environment presents opportunities and threats.Strengths: Strong brand recognition and high market share. Unique cooling features that is highly demanded among customers. Strong source of collecting raw materials. Have their own superstore for placing the body cooling lotion in the different outlets of SWAP'S. Competitive price. Product for both male and female users. Weakness: It is a new product in the market, so people will feel hesitated to use it. The rate of acceptance will be less. There will be low sales at the beginning with negative profits. The R&D department has to be strong enough to challenge the existing competitors. Opportunity: Participation within steadily growing industry.Ability to decrease the fixed costs as a percentage of an individual sale as volume increase. Approaching rural ma rket Threats: Direct competition in the body lotion market from other brands Convince rural customer is a bit tough compare to urban customer 8. Marketing Objectives: Marketing objectives is what we want to achieve through our marketing activities. Different businesses establish different marketing objectives depending on their our Body Cooling Lotion we have found out the following objectives- Marketing Objectives: 1. Achieve 70% product awareness among the target audience within the first six of operation. 2. Maintain a gross margin of 35% each month. 3. Steadily increase market share every quarter. 4.Develop brand awareness and acceptance, quantifies by a decrease in customer acquisition costs. Financial Objectives: 1. Increase the profit margin by 0. 5% a quarter. 2. Attain constant annual growth of revenue in each year of operation. 3. Develop efficiencies in the delivery of the service through advanced training and workflow analysis. 9. Neurotransmitters The single objective i s to position cooling Lotion as the premier source for sweat free LOL and moisturizer body. The marketing strategy will seek to first develop brand equity, increase customer awareness and build the customer base, establish connections with target markets and work towards building customer loyalty and referrals. Mission Sac's cooling lotion has a mission to create high quality skin care products satisfying needs for their target consumers in summer and to be the leading skin care product distributor and manufacturer in cosmetic industry for summer. 0 Corporate values The brand determined to continue being creative and innovative, to aim for product excellence to meet the demanding standards of quality products and safety at all the times. Customer focus is to understand, listening and giving people what they need and serve the beauty and well-being of our consumers in all cultures throughout the world. 0 Brand promise The brand promises to protect the consumer's skin from the harmful effects of the sun light. It also promises to make you feel cool during the hot summer days. It will take care of your skin and make you feel free to go outside even in the hot days.The brand also promises to give your body a soothing fragrance. 0 Blue Ocean Strategy The product will create a completely new category where the body lotion will make the user feel cool, refreshed, protected from OUR rays and the sun, and will make the user smell better. The product will add value to the customer because s/he can enjoy the utilities of body lotion, deodorant, sun protection cream and talcum powder in a single product. The cost of consumption will be less and customers will enjoy a quality product at value pricing. This novelty product will create a wow factor. Its SSP 40 will protect the skin from UP rays and other harmful effects of the scorching sunlight.It will control the melanin which would refrain the person from getting dark skin (skin burning). There will be a range of options from which the consumer can choose the desired fragrance lotion. The presence of menthol will create a cool and refreshing feeling but the all the product will not be of menthol flavored. The lotion will be dermatological beneficial for the user as well. It will protect the skin from harmful dusts and pollutions. Departure will utilize the four action framework it the following way. 0 The Competitive Edge There are no products in the market which serves similar values to the customers. The constant growth in temperature and the intolerable heat in the summer will make this product a buy-buy one.It will outperform, out maneuver and outcast competitors from similar sector. The product will create long lasting brand equity and through perpetual innovation it will grow as a successful brand. Primarily the target market is the urban areas of Bangladesh but eventually it will become a global brand. The target of the brand would be value innovation. Figure depicting the value innovation is given- Figure: Depicting the value innovation of product 0 Target markets Primary market for the product is middle to upper class working and non-working adult male and female living especially in Dacha. The customers are expected to be that group of people who are concerned about their skin care, outlooks and appearances.Our secondary target consumers are middle to upper class adult male and female living outside of Dacha. 0 HSRP (holistic selling proposition) proposition) we will follow the Holistic Selling Proposition or commonly known as the HSRP. Under this selling proposition all the internal and external factors will be taken under consideration for the positioning, pricing, promoting and placing. The main idea of doing such is to create a AD (5 dimensional) Brand or the Sonogram to have the clear idea about the brand. The dimensions are the sensory stimuli of human being. The AD model for this specific products as follows: Figure: AD Model of a new product The diagram shows that the smell is the most important sensory dimension of the lotion.The touch or sensation feeling is nest to it. The sight or appearance of the lotion is also very important. Taste and sound is irrelevant in case of body lotion. Marketing mix Product: ACE is planning to launch their body cooling lotion for young consumers of Bangladesh between the age of 15 to 30, to tackle the skin problems and help to feel fresh and dehydrated during day time. Price: The launch price for the product will be ranging from the competitors pricing strategies. The price should not be higher or lower than the other competitor's products. Considering the production, advertising and other related variable and fixed cost ACE will set an affordable price to the customers.Place- Our Brand initially plans to have products displayed at various departmental stores, beauty salons, super malls and retailer shops inside and outside of Dacha. It ill also to display at leading pharmacies. As these outlets and loc ation are in ideal spots which will help target potential customers for skin care product. Promotion- We are planning to communicate with our target customers initially through grand launching program with the help of a PR firm so that we get the best attention of all kind of media. After the launching event, we will go for 360 degree media communication with the help of print media, broadcast media, outdoor media, interactive media (internet).We are going to advertise in those national Bangle and Daily newspapers which have high circulations. For magazine ad, we will choose local fashion and beauty magazine. We will advertise in broadcast media with the association of beauty and lifestyles shows. There will be billboards, banners, x- promotional campaign. We will use internet pop-ups as well. Advertising Exhibitions Press / Magazines Internet Pop-ups Beauty Shows Hoardings / Signboards Advertisements in local radios and local channels Advertisements in local newspapers and papers i n various 0 Markets Advertisements in local fashion and beauty magazines Out-door advertising using posters, billboards, neon signs at beauty spas, bridge manners, lamp posts Internet pop-ups etc.Public Relation 0 Sponsoring beauty shows 0 Free make over 0 Target publications 0 Offering free makeovers at beauty shows or outlets 0 At least one success story quarterly in a local beauty magazine to attract the market image and informing readers about new launches if any. Direct Mail & SMS 0 SMS messages 0 Develop mailing list with help of Universities and Colleges 0 SMS messages to be sent to all potential customers with the help of telephone operators. 0 A new attractive brochure should be designed to be mailed to target eligible clients. Sales promotion Special pricing at the time of launch 0 Brochure to be displayed at various Spa's and saloons 0 Attractive prices at the time of launch to attract target customers. 3% discount on makeover at saloons tied up Product Design: For Male C onsumers Cycle: For Female Consumers Product Life Sac's new product cooling body lotion SPLASH will in the introduction stage of product life cycle. It takes time for a new product to survive in the market place competing with other products of competitors. Being in the introduction stage of product life cycle ACE must need to follow the given strategies: a. Inform potential customers bout the product b. Introduce product trials c. Secure distribution in retail outlets Distribution: The new product body cooling lotion can be distributed to the designated dealers of pharmacies and beauty saloon in big cities like Dacha, Chitchatting, Sylphs etc. 14.Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy Integrated Marketing Communication (MIMIC) is the application consistent brand messaging across both traditional Andean-traditional marketing channels and using differentiation's methods to reinforce each other. The deregulated be to successfully accomplish MIMIC to create thematic brand equity. The core concept of MIMIC is to cerebrated equity through achieving ROI. The first step is to create core value and then communicate the value throughway's stories, which the customers have never seen forerunner heard before. Theater three tools of communication. 1. Above the line (TTL) 2. Below the line (BTL) 3.New format The story around the brand promise For the brand communication a unique story would be made portraying the middle class and upper middle class of the society. For a better connection real life real people will be interviewed across the urban areas. Their perils in the hot summer ND how they suffer will be the basis of our story. We will make the electronic media advertises with these typical citizen. The brand ambassadors of our brand will be all the hard working people out there. We will of course relate their experience with the offerings of our Brand. We will show how the hot summer dilemmas of the people will be solved if they use our brand.

Free Essays on Dextromethorphan(dxm) Cough Syrup Or Addictive Drug

Image this your teenager goes out for the night. He asks, â€Å"Could I have some money to eat later.† Of course you give him the money because he is leaving before supper. So you had him five dollars, thinking he will use the money to eat, but in fact he uses that five dollars and goes to the local Walgreens and buys a bottle of Robotussin DM. He then proceeds to drink a full 4 oz. bottle of cough syrup. Your probably thinking why would someone do that. Well because a lot of cough syrups have a drug called dextromethorphan, which can cause an experience that is compared to acid or PCP. Acid and PCP are illegal, but dextromethorphan is not and is easily accessible for a cheap price. Dextromethorphan should be illegal as well for obvious reasons. Dextromethorphan is more commonly known as DM or DXM. It acts as the main ingredient to suppress a cough. Dextromethorphan was brought into cough syrups in the 1960s to replace codeine. DXM is an opioid, which means it is part of a family of psychoactive drugs that have the effects of opium, but do not contain or are made up of opium. Although dextromethorphan is safe at recommended dosages, it is abused for recreational use to get a feeling of a â€Å"trip†(Erowid). Dextromethorphan is still legal for two main reasons. The main one being there is no substitute for DXM at the time. The reasons behind this are unknown because dextromethorphan has little medical research or studies on the drug. Codeine was made a prescription drug because of its addiction and abuse, but little is being done to do the same for dextromethorphan. The second reason is pharmaceutical companies do not want to lose a major part of their income because dextromethorphan works well. In recent years many companies denied the fact that dextromethorphan causes a psychedelic effect when abused. Although there have been some cough medicines that are no longer available in the United States. The main one is Drixoral Cough ... Free Essays on Dextromethorphan(dxm) Cough Syrup Or Addictive Drug Free Essays on Dextromethorphan(dxm) Cough Syrup Or Addictive Drug Image this your teenager goes out for the night. He asks, â€Å"Could I have some money to eat later.† Of course you give him the money because he is leaving before supper. So you had him five dollars, thinking he will use the money to eat, but in fact he uses that five dollars and goes to the local Walgreens and buys a bottle of Robotussin DM. He then proceeds to drink a full 4 oz. bottle of cough syrup. Your probably thinking why would someone do that. Well because a lot of cough syrups have a drug called dextromethorphan, which can cause an experience that is compared to acid or PCP. Acid and PCP are illegal, but dextromethorphan is not and is easily accessible for a cheap price. Dextromethorphan should be illegal as well for obvious reasons. Dextromethorphan is more commonly known as DM or DXM. It acts as the main ingredient to suppress a cough. Dextromethorphan was brought into cough syrups in the 1960s to replace codeine. DXM is an opioid, which means it is part of a family of psychoactive drugs that have the effects of opium, but do not contain or are made up of opium. Although dextromethorphan is safe at recommended dosages, it is abused for recreational use to get a feeling of a â€Å"trip†(Erowid). Dextromethorphan is still legal for two main reasons. The main one being there is no substitute for DXM at the time. The reasons behind this are unknown because dextromethorphan has little medical research or studies on the drug. Codeine was made a prescription drug because of its addiction and abuse, but little is being done to do the same for dextromethorphan. The second reason is pharmaceutical companies do not want to lose a major part of their income because dextromethorphan works well. In recent years many companies denied the fact that dextromethorphan causes a psychedelic effect when abused. Although there have been some cough medicines that are no longer available in the United States. The main one is Drixoral Cough ...

History of the Invention of Fireworks

History of the Invention of Fireworks Many people associate fireworks with Independence Day, but their original use was in New Years celebrations. Do you know how fireworks were invented? Legend tells of a Chinese cook who accidentally spilled saltpeter into a cooking fire, producing an interesting flame. Saltpeter, an ingredient in gunpowder, was used as a flavoring salt sometimes. The other gunpowder ingredients, charcoal and sulfur, also were common in early fires. Though the mixture burned with a pretty flame in a fire, it exploded if it was enclosed in a bamboo tube. History This serendipitous invention of gunpowder appears to have occurred about 2000 years ago, with exploding firecrackers produced later during the Song dynasty (960-1279) by a Chinese monk named Li Tian, who lived near the city of Liu Yang in Hunan Province. These firecrackers were bamboo shoots filled with gunpowder. They were exploded at the commencement of the new year to scare away evil spirits. Much of the modern focus of fireworks is on light and color, but loud noise (known as gung pow or bian pao) was desirable in a religious firework, since that was what frightened the spirits. By the 15th century, fireworks were a traditional part of other celebrations, such as military victories and weddings. The Chinese story is well-known, though its possible fireworks really were invented in India or Arabia. From Firecrackers to Rockets In addition to exploding gunpowder for firecrackers, the Chinese used gunpowder combustion for propulsion. Handcarved wooden rockets, shaped like dragons, shot rocket-powered arrows at the Mongol invaders in 1279. Explorers took knowledge of gunpowder, fireworks, and rockets back with them when they returned home. Arabians in the 7th century referred to rockets as Chinese arrows. Marco Polo is credited with bringing gunpowder to Europe in the 13th century. The crusaders also brought the information with them. Beyond Gunpowder Many fireworks are made in much the same way today as they were hundreds of years ago. However, some modifications have been made. Modern fireworks may include designer colors, like salmon, pink, and aqua, that werent available in the past. In 2004, Disneyland in California starting launching fireworks using compressed air rather than gunpowder. Electronic timers were used to explode the shells. That was the first time the launch system was used commercially, allowing for increased accuracy in timing (so shows could be put to music) and reducing smoke and fumes from big displays.